Suppliers fret as China restrict exports of two metals for semiconductors

Beijing/Shanghai — Companies caught out by China’s decision to restrict exports of two metals widely used in semiconductors and electric vehicles (EV) were racing to secure supplies on Tuesday as some industry suppliers worried that curbs on rare earth exports could follow.

Monday’s abrupt announcement of controls from August 1 on exports of some gallium and germanium has ramped up a trade war with the US and could cause more disruption to global supply chains.

Analysts saw the move, which the Chinese commerce ministry said was to protect national security, as a response to escalating efforts by Washington to curb China’s technological advances. It came on the eve of US Independence Day and just before US treasury secretary Janet Yellen visits Beijing.

“China has hit the American trade restrictions where it hurts,” said Peter Arkell, chairperson of the Global Mining Association of China.

The European Commission expressed concern, while Germany’s economy minister Robert Habeck said any broadening of controls to materials such as lithium would be “problematic”.

One US semiconductor wafer manufacturer said on Tuesday it was applying for export permits, while a China-based germanium producer said buyer enquiries had come in as prices rose. 

The eight gallium and six germanium products cited are also used in other hi-tech industries.

Some in the metals industry said they feared China could follow with new restrictions on rare earth exports, after curbing shipments 12 years ago in a dispute with Japan. China is the world’s biggest producer of rare earths, a group of metals used in electric vehicles and military equipment.

“Gallium and germanium are just a couple of the minor metals that are so important for the range of tech products and China is the dominant producer of most of these metals,” Arkell said. “It is a fantasy to suggest that another country can replace China in the short or even medium term.”

China produces most of the world’s gallium and germanium.

In 2022, top importers of China's gallium products were Japan, Germany and the Netherlands, news website Caixin said, citing customs data. Top importers of germanium products were Japan, France, Germany and the US, it said.

The commerce ministry will meet major producers of the metals on Thursday to discuss the export restrictions, four people familiar with the matter said.

In a sign of the potential for new production outside China, Nyrstar said it would look at germanium and gallium projects in Australia, Europe and the US.

Shares in Teck Resources, North America’s biggest germanium producer, briefly jumped more than 1% in early trading. They were up 0.05% in the afternoon.

US semiconductor wafer maker AXT said on Monday its Chinese manufacturing Tongmei would seek permits to keep exporting gallium and germanium substrate products.

An Intel spokesperson said the company was assessing the ministry’s statement, adding: “Our strategy of having a diverse, global supply chain minimises our risk to local changes and interruptions.”

A source at Infineon said most supplies come from outside China. The German chipmaker produces gallium nitride semiconductors in Villach, Austria and will soon make them at its factory in Kulim, Malaysia.

Germany’s BDI industry group said China’s move strengthens the argument for greater raw materials independence.

While the new rules do not target specific countries, exports will be more difficult and China could deny licences to some locations, said Bernstein analysts.

But any rise in prices for gallium- and germanium-based materials due to a lack of supply may result in semiconductor companies looking at alternative materials, they added.

A manager at a China-based germanium producer reported receiving queries from buyers in Europe, Japan and the US hoping to build stockpiles before Aug. 1 and who expected it could take as long as two months to obtain export permits.

Domestic offers rose 2% to 10,000 yuan ($1,380) per kg on Tuesday, he said, with export prices up 7% to $1,500/kg.

The industry had expected some export controls on these metals, but the timing had surprised, said the manager, who declined to be named citing the sensitivity of the matter.

Some downstream users with long-term sales contracts “are vexed about a possible jump in raw material prices, as it raises their production costs and may cause them losses”, he said.

Taiwan and South Korea downplayed disruption from the curbs.

Shares in some metal producers rose on Tuesday. Yunnan Lincang Xinyuan Germanium Industry jumped 10% by the daily upper limit while Yunnan Chihong Zinc & Germanium climbed 7%.

Australian rare earths producers also rallied as investors bet that more curbs could be imposed. Shares in Lynas Rare Earths, the world’s largest producer, outside China, rose 4%.

Reuters