Innovations and new technologies require availability and access to rare minerals that have since been classified critical. The US Energy Act of 2020 defines a “critical mineral” as a nonfuel mineral or mineral material essential to the economic or national security of the US and that has a supply chain vulnerable to disruption (including restrictions associated with foreign political risk, anticompetitive or protectionist behaviours).

The International Energy Agency (IEA) projects the global trade of critical minerals will exceed $400bn by 2050...

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