Just like banks, ratings agencies make judgments on borrowers’ ability to pay the interest on their loans and ultimately repay these. That’s all they really do when they rate countries (sovereigns) such as SA, but since the ratings fundamentally affect the price and availability of those loans, what the ratings agencies say is a powerful discipline on the countries they rate. On Friday night, S&P Global Ratings exercised that discipline, telling SA, in effect, that it had fallen way behind the emerging-markets class when it came to economic growth and that there was no way it could fix its rapidly deteriorating public finances without risking further damage to growth. S&P’s verdict took its rating on domestic rand-denominated bonds to junk status, after it did the same to the hard-currency bonds in April. It comes after Fitch junked both ratings in April, after Pravin Gordhan was ousted as finance minister. Moody’s has been kinder to SA, giving it the benefit of the doubt even as gr...

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