Those who have studied the rise of Nazism in Germany know about the “November criminals” — the so-called traitors who betrayed the German army at the time of the Great War and subsequently oversaw the “German Revolution” and demise of the Hohenzollern monarchy.

The “stab-in-the-back” legend gained ground from early 1918, when conservative Germans refused to recognise impending defeat and — instead of interpreting events in military and economic terms — sought scapegoats to account for Germany’s defeat. Those who signed the armistice on November 11 1918 were denounced as traitors, especially Jews, left-wingers and republicans, and blamed for the overthrow of the Kaiser...

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