Stock market indices are one of those background elements of the investment ecosystem that people rarely interrogate closely. The FTSE/JSE all share index, or one of its variants, is a useful tool to report on market performance for the day. When we dig a bit deeper, we find additional-use cases that are fundamental to the investment management process, and discover that perhaps index construction and index weighting are more important than they initially appear to be.

A fund benchmark is an important example. Fund managers will select a benchmark for their fund or mandate, and equity funds will typically use an equity index for this purpose. A performance benchmark is often used to determine management fees; the fund manager whose investment delivers better returns than the index is entitled to charge an additional performance fee. There are two ways to “beat the benchmark” — be overweight on a stock that delivers above-benchmark returns, or to be underweight on a stock t...

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