New York — Big Wall Street banks have spent billions of dollars and untold man-hours in recent years transforming their trading desks from hedge fund-like operations trading on their own account into market-making businesses offering a price based on what customers want to buy or sell. But the shift in business model, prompted by reforms following the 2008 financial crisis, has done little to shield banks from suffering big losses when markets move against them, traders and risk managers told Reuters this week. Goldman Sachs’s second-quarter results, which saw earnings rise to $3.95 a share from $3.72 in the same quarter last year, also included the worst commodities trading quarter in its history as a public company, prompting a 2.8% fall in the bank’s stock in the last two days. Bad inventory positions based on wrong expectations of customer demand were partly to blame, chief financial officer Marty Chavez said. In explaining the decline in trading revenue, Chavez compared the bus...

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