SVB failure triggers emergency measures by US authorities

Washington/Singapore — US authorities launched emergency measures on Sunday to shore up confidence in the banking system after the failure of Silicon Valley Bank threatened to trigger a broader financial crisis.

After a dramatic weekend, regulators said the failed bank’s customers will have access to all their deposits starting on Monday and set up a new facility to give banks access to emergency funds. The Federal Reserve also made it easier for banks to borrow from it in emergencies.

While the measures provided some relief for Silicon Valley firms and global markets on Monday, worries about broader banking risks remain and have cast doubts over whether the Fed will stick with its plan for aggressive interest rate hikes.

“We think the steps taken by the Fed, Treasury and [the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp, or FDIC] will decisively break the psychological ‘doom loop’ across the regional banking sector,” said Karl Schamotta, chief market strategist at Corpay in Toronto.

“But, fairly or not, the episode will contribute to higher levels of background volatility, with investors watching warily for other cracks to emerge as the Fed’s policy tightening continues.”

Regulators also moved swiftly to close New York’s Signature Bank, which had come under pressure in recent days.

The wider efforts to avert a crisis lifted Wall Street stock futures in Asian trade on Monday, helping broader markets.

However, lingering concerns about the financial sector weighed on major banking shares, with HSBC Holdings, Standard Chartered Bank, Japan’s Mitsubishi UFJ and Singapore’s DBS all weaker.

The Biden administration’s intervention underscores how a relentless campaign by the Fed and other major central banks to beat back inflation is putting stress in the financial system and global markets.

Raising rates

Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), a mainstay for the start-up economy, was a product of the decades-long era of cheap money, with unique risks that made it especially vulnerable. But as a run on the bank ensued last week, worries that other regional banks shared similarities spread quickly.

With the Fed poised to continue raising interest rates, investors said the financial system may not be fully out of the woods yet.

The Fed holds its next policy meeting on March 21-22. Goldman Sachs’ analysts said they no longer expect it to raise rates at that meeting, amid the stress in the banking sector. Goldman previously expected a 25-basis-point hike in March.

“What investors have to expect coming into tomorrow and beyond is that we are going to be dealing with a lot of event risk,” said Michael Purves, CEO of Tallbacken Capital Advisors. “There are still going to be lingering questions with other regional banks.”

The collapse of SVB — the largest bank failure since 2008 — sparked concerns over whether small-business clients would be able to pay their staff, with the FDIC only protecting deposits of up to $250,000.

About 89% of SVB’s $175bn in deposits were uninsured at end-2022, according to the FDIC.

All depositors, including those whose funds exceed the maximum government-insured level, will be made whole, according to a joint statement by US Treasury secretary Janet Yellen, Fed chair Jerome Powell and FDIC chair Martin Gruenberg on Sunday evening.

A senior US Treasury official said the actions taken would protect depositors, while providing additional support to the broader banking system, but officials and regulators were continuing to monitor financial system stability.

“The firms are not being bailed out. The depositors are being protected,” the official said.

Providing exceptions

The risk would be borne by the Deposit Insurance Fund, which has sufficient funds to do so.

Providing the systemic risk exceptions was deemed quicker than waiting for a possible buyer, the official said.

Treasury officials said depositors of New York’s Signature Bank, which was closed on Sunday by the New York state financial regulator, would also be made whole at no loss to the taxpayer.

Signature, like SVB, had a clientele concentrated in the tech sector, and the securities on its balance sheet had eroded as interest rates rose. By September, almost a quarter of Signature’s deposits came from the cryptocurrency sector, but the bank announced in December that it would shrink its crypto-related deposits by $8bn.

While all customer deposits will be protected, new policies adopted Sunday will “wipe out” equity and bondholders in SVB and Signature Bank, a senior US Treasury official said.

With the Fed’s decision to ensure financial institutions can meet the needs of all their depositors, the steps would “restore market confidence”, the official said.

Fed fund futures surged on Monday to imply only a 17% chance of a half-point rate hike by the Federal Reserve when it meets next week, well off the 70% before the SVB news broke last week.

The Fed said it would make additional funding available through a new Bank Term Funding Programme, which would offer loans of up to one year to depository institutions, backed by Treasuries and other assets these institutions hold.

When the coronavirus pandemic triggered financial panic in March 2020, the Fed announced a series of measures to keep credit flowing by lowering borrowing costs and lengthening the terms of direct loans. By the end of that month, use of the Fed’s discount window facility shot up to more than $50bn.

Through the middle of last week, before SVB’s collapse, there had been no indications of usage picking up, with Fed data showing weekly outstanding balances of $4bn-$5bn since the start of the year.

Reuters