London — A new way of financing the fight against global diseases lured investors with annual returns of more than 11%. The deadly Ebola outbreak in Africa is highlighting shortcomings of so-called pandemic bonds in halting contagions.

After the worst Ebola outbreak on record, two years ago the World Bank began selling the high-yielding securities, modelling them on catastrophe bonds that pay out in response to insurance claims for events such as hurricanes. The pandemic bonds, the first ever, are triggered by patterns in deaths from infectious diseases...

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