US GDP surges 4.9% in third quarter on stronger consumer spending

Washington — The US economy grew faster-than-expected in the third quarter, again defying dire warnings of a recession, buoyed by robust consumer spending amid a resilient labour market.

The fastest growth pace in nearly two years reported by the commerce department’s Bureau of Economic Analysis on Thursday in its advance estimate of third-quarter GDP was also spurred by a rebound in residential investment after nine straight quarterly declines. Businesses ramped up the restocking of warehouses and shelves to meet the strong demand.

But business investment softened as outlays on equipment declined and the boost from the construction of factories faded. President Joe Biden’s administration has taken steps to encourage more semiconductor manufacturing in the US.

While the robust growth pace notched last quarter is likely not sustainable, it showcased the economy’s stamina despite aggressive interest rate hikes from the Federal Reserve. Still, growth could slow in the fourth quarter because of the United Auto Workers strikes and the resumption of student loan repayments by millions of Americans.

Most economists have revised their forecasts and now believe the Fed can engineer a “soft-landing” for the economy, citing expectations that the July-September period will show a continuation of second-quarter strength in worker productivity and moderation in unit labour costs.

“Economic growth transitioned from resilience to reacceleration this quarter, defying the Federal Reserve’s aggressive tightening cycle and tighter financial conditions,” said Olu Sonola, head of US economics at ratings agency Fitch Ratings in New York.

GDP increased at a 4.9% annualised rate in the past quarter, the fastest since the fourth quarter of 2021. Economists polled by Reuters had forecast GDP rising at a 4.3% rate. The economy grew at a 2.1% pace in the April-June quarter and is expanding at a pace well above what Fed officials regard as the noninflationary growth rate of around 1.8%.

Growth in consumer spending, which accounts for more than two-thirds of US economic activity, accelerated at a 4% rate after only rising at a 0.8% pace in the second quarter. It was driven by spending on both goods and services. Consumers spent more on housing and utilities, healthcare, financial services and insurance. They dined out and stayed at hotels and motels.

Consumers also bought more recreational goods and vehicles, and boosted outlays on nondurable goods like prescription medication. The labour market is providing underlying support to spending. Though wage growth has slowed, it is rising a bit faster than inflation, lifting households' purchasing power.

US stocks opened lower. The dollar was steady against a basket of currencies. US treasury yields hovered at higher levels.

Slowdown ahead

But risks are growing for spending. Student loan repayments resumed in October, which economists estimated was equal to roughly $70bn, or about 0.3% of disposable personal income, and could dent spending. Though excess savings accumulated during the pandemic remain ample, they are largely concentrated among high-income households.

Low-income consumers are increasingly relying on debt to fund purchases, with higher borrowing costs boosting credit card delinquencies. Last quarter, the increase in wages was partially offset by a rise in personal taxes. That led to income at the disposal of households after accounting for taxes falling at a 1% pace last quarter. The result was that consumers dipped into their savings to fund some of their spending.

The saving rate decreased to 3.8% from 5.2% in the third quarter. Some economists see a sharp slowdown around the corner. Others are not too concerned, noting the labour market continues to churn out jobs at a solid clip.

Labour market resilience was highlighted by a separate report from the labour department on Thursday, showing the number of people filing new claims for state unemployment benefits rose 10,000 to a seasonally adjusted 210,000 during the week ending October 21. Claims are at the low end of their range of 194,000 to 265,000 for this year.

The GDP data likely has no impact on near-term monetary policy amid a surge in US treasury yields and a stock market sell-off, which have tightened financial conditions.

While the report showed overall inflation picking up last quarter, underlying price pressures continued to abate.

Financial markets expect the US central bank to keep interest rates unchanged at its October 31-November 1 policy meeting, according to CME Group’s FedWatch. Since March of last year, the Fed has raised its benchmark overnight interest rate by 525 basis points to the current 5.25% to 5.50% range.

Reuters