Ukraine’s plucky defence against Russian invasion has been a surprise, but also raised questions: how has a much smaller country managed to hold back Russia, until now considered the world’s second-largest military power?

On paper Russia has formidable advantages — it’s 2½ times larger in population than Ukraine, has nearly nine times its GDP and possesses its own world-class military technologies and defence capabilities. Yet it has struggled against Ukraine’s more nimble forces, which have out-thought and out-fought the lumbering Russian military at every turn and, remarkably, seem to be turning back the tide. Why and how?..

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