A mysterious, anonymous entity known as “Satoshi Nakamoto” posted a white paper on October 31 2008 entitled “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System”. It was the first time that the concept of Bitcoin entered the world. But outside of the cypherpunk mailing lists — those promoting the use of privacy-enhancing technology — this event was hardly noticed. Ten years on, who hasn’t at least heard of the cryptocurrency?
In just nine pages, the white paper explained how the Bitcoin system would work. Many attempts at electronic cash had already been made, going right back to computer scientist David Chaum’s “Digicash” developed in the 1980s. Using an intricate dance of cryptography, Digicash enabled people to pay each other online anonymously, yet prevented users from sending the same money to two different people at the same time (the so-called “double spending problem”).