UK approves big increase in submarine-related exports to Taiwan

London — Britain approved a sharp increase in exports of submarine parts and technology to Taiwan in 2022 as the island upgrades its naval forces  — a move that could affect British ties with China.

The value of licences granted by the British government to companies for the export of submarine-related components and technology to Taiwan totalled a record £167m during the first nine months of 2022, according to UK government export licensing data. That is more than the previous six years combined, a Reuters analysis of the data showed.

The data is publicly accessible, but the most recent Taiwan-related figures have not been reported previously.

Beijing considers Taiwan part of China, known as the One-China policy, and  objects strongly to perceived foreign interference with the island, believing it to be support for Taiwan’s desire to be recognised as its own country.

When presented with the figures by Reuters, China’s foreign ministry said: “If this is true, it is a serious violation of the One-China principle, undermines China’s sovereignty and security interests, and undermines peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait.”

“China is highly concerned about this and firmly opposes it,” the ministry said, and urged Britain to “refrain from providing military support to the Taiwan authorities”.

Britain does not recognise Taiwan and has no formal diplomatic relations with the island, but it maintains economic and trade ties and there is a de facto British embassy in Taipei.

A British government spokesperson said the UK has a long record of “granting licences for exports of controlled goods to Taiwan, on a case-by-case basis, where those applications are consistent with the rules that regulate the exports of arms and dual-use products”.

“We consider the Taiwan issue one to be settled peacefully by the people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait through constructive dialogue, without the threat or use of force or coercion,” the spokesperson said.

The increase in licences granted reflects greater demand from Taiwan, two government officials said on condition of anonymity due to the sensitivity of the issue.

Two MPs with knowledge of the exports and two former officials said the approvals reflected Britain’s increased willingness to support Taiwan. One of the MPs, who also spoke on the condition of anonymity, said authorising the export licences amounted to giving a “green light” to better equip Taiwan.

The data is from the Export Control Organisation, which is responsible for export licensing and sits in the UK international trade department. It shows the government authorised 25 export licences to Taiwan during the first nine months of 2022 under the categories “components for submarines” and “technology for submarines”.

The data does not disclose which companies received the authorisation or detail what specific equipment it covers.

One licence type, called ML9, covers “vessels of war, special naval equipment, accessories, components, and other surface vessels,” according to Britain’s list of strategic military items that require export authorisation. Another licence type, ML22, includes technology that is required for the development, production, operation, installation, maintenance, repair or goods or software.

The British government on Monday announced a boost to defence spending as it unveiled an update to its defence, security and foreign policy priorities, setting out how it plans to “tackle new threats” from China and Russia.

Heightened tension

Military tensions between Beijing and Taipei are at their highest in decades. Taiwan, about 160km southeast from the Chinese coast, has said it is building a fleet of submarines to build up its naval defences. Taiwan has for decades been unable to buy conventional submarines from other countries because of its concerns of angering China.

Taiwan’s democratically elected government strongly rejects China’s sovereignty claims, saying only the island’s people can decide their future.

As Reuters previously reported, an array of foreign submarine-technology vendors, with the approval of their governments, have been aiding the building programme.

In response to a request for comment about the submarine-related exports from Britain, Taiwan’s defence ministry said its shipbuilding programme was “a major national policy, and the navy has promoted various projects in a pragmatic way under it”.

“We hope that all walks of life will continue to give their support, to jointly maintain the security and peace of the Taiwan Strait,” the ministry said.

Taipei aims to test its first prototype by September and deliver the first of the planned eight vessels by 2025.

Britain’s granting of submarine-related licences began to increase after Taiwan announced it planned to build the submarine fleet in 2017.

Britain approved the export of £87m worth of submarine components and technology to Taiwan in 2020, up from £31,415 in 2017 and none in 2016, according to the licensing data. The value of such licences approved in 2021 dipped to just less than £9m.

UK ‘tilt’ to Indo-Pacific

Britain’s Integrated Review, a document laying out the country’s defence, security and foreign policy priorities that was published in March 2021, specified a “tilt” to the Indo-Pacific but did not mention Taiwan.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 has raised questions in Britain and elsewhere in the West about other possible future flash points around the world.

Britain’s defence minister, Ben Wallace, said in February the West’s actions in support of Kyiv was a signal to other countries that grabbing land does not pay off. “This conflict is important because the world is watching whether the West will stand up for its values of freedom, democracy, liberal societies and the rule of law,” he said.

Western legislators and other officials have been stepping up their visits to Taiwan, despite Beijing’s objections. That included one in November by Britain’s then-minister of state for trade, Greg Hands. “We urge the British side to stop any form of official exchanges with Taiwan and stop sending wrong signals to separatist forces for Taiwan independence,” Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian said at the time.

Tobias Ellwood, head of the UK parliament’s defence committee and a member in Britain’s governing Conservative Party who visited Taiwan in December, said the British government had to be careful about what details it provided publicly about the equipment covered by the export licences.

“An announcement of the specific nature of these exports risks revealing sensitive information on Taiwan's defensive capabilities and some of the UK government’s caution in discussing these exports is valid,” Ellwood said.

One of the former British officials said: “Every decision around Taiwan is made very deliberately and usually cautiously.” Asked about the decision to approve the increase in export licences, the official said: “You just don’t do something like this without thinking through the implications very carefully.”

Reuters