We are only now entering the Ramaphosa era. The Mandela era was marked by the biggest need at the time, namely nation building. In the euphoria of freedom and Madiba magic there was business confidence and optimism among foreign investors. However, there was not enough emphasis on urgent socioeconomic issues and narrowing the poverty gap. The Mbeki era was marked by a focus on the African identity expressed in his flagship African Renaissance. One of the biggest mistakes under his governance was the systematic ending of proven institutions like teachers training colleges and technical colleges. Nation building came to a standstill, and deteriorated under him. The Zuma era became a nightmare for the country and the ANC. Corruption and state capture became endemic and he appointed his cronies to vital government institutions. Ramaphosa, Mandela’s choice as his successor, took over from Zuma in difficult circumstances and with Zuma’s cronies still entrenched in influential positions. ...

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