In 2003, Norway became the first country to implement a law that set a 40% quota for women representation on company boards. In 2002, 4% of board members were women. The toughest sanction was the dissolution of noncompliant companies. By 2009, companies had achieved the quota, which sparked a Europe-wide debate about the policy. Now, other countries — Belgium, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Poland and Spain — have soft gender diversity laws.

In SA, a quarter of a century after the government implemented the Employment Equity Act, companies are refusing to comply. In 2023, white people (7.2% of the population) accounted for 65.1% of people in top management, according to the latest Commission for Employment Equity report. White males (3.5% of the population) accounted for 51.8% of people in top management. Black people (Africans, coloureds and Indians) comprise 92.8% of the population...

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