Perhaps the most aggressive proponents of efficiency in the corporate world are private equity funds. When they acquire a company, their model boosts near-term free cash flows by aggressively cutting costs and capital expenditures (operational efficiency) and leverages return on investment by using the target company’s own balance sheet to help fund the deal (“capital efficiency”).

While this model has successfully transformed some businesses, applying it on a much broader scale and more aggressively carries significant risk. In 2018, about 65% of buyouts in the US were leveraged at six times earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (ebitda) or greater, and about 40% at seven times or greater, according to data from LPC...

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