While hardly unexpected, high-income earners were the least enthusiastic about last week’s budget, which hit them for another R4.4bn over the next year, a survey has found. A new personal income tax bracket for those earning more than R1.5m, to levy tax at 45%, was introduced by Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan in his budget statement on Wednesday. About 100,000 people fall in this bracket. A bigger surprise was that the dividend withholding tax rate was also raised from 15% to 20% to discourage individuals from shifting earnings into dividends. The survey of high net-worth individuals was run by consultancy Intellidex. Among those with monthly household income of R150,000 or over, 81% said they felt less confident about the future of the economy following the budget. Only 9% said they felt more confident after the budget. The rest were unsure.

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