Over the past year, many institutions have sounded the alarm about the coming technological wave characterised by robotics, machine learning and automation. Like the US government report released in December, many address the opportunity and threat to livelihoods posed by these developments. For perspectives on the developing world, the World Bank’s World Development Report weighs in on what it frames as the race between skills and technology. The history of economic science is strewn with examples of fine minds misestimating the effects of technology. Malthus thought the pace of agricultural production would always be slower than that of population growth, and this would act as an upper bound on human population. He did not foresee how technology would transform agriculture. Though the modern world knows famines and extreme deprivation, on a global scale, there is notionally enough food to sustain the world’s population. In 1930, Keynes predicted that due to new modes of production...

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